Estonian ID cards have a chip with public-private key pair used to sign documents and vote in elections via the internet. For their 2011 election, 24% of the votes were cast online.

The card's chip stores a key pair, allowing users to cryptographically sign digital documents based on principles of public key cryptography using DigiDoc. While it is possible also to encrypt documents using the card-holder's public key, this is used only infrequently, as such documents would become unreadable if the card were lost or destroyed.By 27 May 2014, 160,809,440 electronic signatures were given, thus averaging to 10 signatures per card user per year. [1] Under Estonian law, since 15 December 2000 the cryptographic signature is legally equivalent to a manual signature.[2]

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